Functional Skills Level 2 — Shape: Volume & 3D

Volume

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Real-World Applications

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Volume of a Cuboid

Volume is the amount of three-dimensional space inside a shape. We measure it in cubic units — cm³, m³, mm³ — because we are multiplying three lengths together.

For a cuboid: \(V = l \times w \times h\)

You can picture it as layers: a 4 × 3 × 2 cuboid has 4 × 3 = 12 unit cubes per layer, stacked into 2 layers, giving 24 cm³.

\(V = l \times w \times h\)  (length × width × height)
l w h V = l × w × h Fig 1 — Labelled cuboid with l, w, h dimensions 3 cm 2 cm 2 cm 3 × 2 × 2 = 6 per layer × 2 layers deep = 12 cm³ Fig 2 — Unit cubes making a 3×2×2 cuboid

Worked Example 1 — Cuboid Volume

Find the volume of a cuboid with dimensions 8 cm × 5 cm × 3 cm.

Step 1 — Write the formula

\(V = l \times w \times h = 8 \times 5 \times 3\)

Step 2 — Calculate

\(8 \times 5 = 40\), then \(40 \times 3 = 120 \text{ cm}^3\)

V = 120 cm³

Worked Example 2 — Fish Tank in Litres

A fish tank is 60 cm × 30 cm × 40 cm. Find its volume in litres.

Step 1 — Find volume in cm³

\(V = 60 \times 30 \times 40 = 72\,000 \text{ cm}^3\)

Step 2 — Convert to litres (÷ 1000)

\(72\,000 \div 1000 = 72 \text{ litres}\)

V = 72 litres
Key Conversion: 1 litre = 1000 cm³. To convert cm³ to litres, divide by 1000. To convert litres to cm³, multiply by 1000.
✓ Quick Check 1 — Volume of a Cuboid
Question 1 of 10
Volume of a Prism

A prism is a 3D shape with an identical cross-section all the way along its length — like a Toblerone box (triangular prism) or a swimming pool channel.

Because every slice through the length is the same, we simply multiply that area by the length:

\(V = A \times l\)   (cross-sectional area × length)

Triangular prism: \(V = \tfrac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height} \times \text{length}\)

L-shaped prism: Split the cross-section into rectangles, find total area, then × length.

Cross-section (same all along) length, l V = A × l Fig 3 — Triangular prism with cross-section highlighted Rect 1 8 × 5 = 40 cm² Rect 2 4 × 3 = 12 cm² 8 cm 5 cm 4 cm 3 cm Total area 40 + 12 = 52 cm² Fig 4 — L-shaped cross-section split into two rectangles

Worked Example 3 — Triangular Prism

A triangular prism has a triangle base of 6 cm, perpendicular height 4 cm, and length 10 cm.

Step 1 — Cross-sectional area

\(A = \tfrac{1}{2} \times 6 \times 4 = 12 \text{ cm}^2\)

Step 2 — Volume

\(V = A \times l = 12 \times 10 = 120 \text{ cm}^3\)

V = 120 cm³

Worked Example 4 — L-Shaped Prism

An L-shaped prism has cross-section split into an 8 × 5 rectangle and a 4 × 3 rectangle. Length = 12 cm.

Step 1 — Rectangle 1

\(8 \times 5 = 40 \text{ cm}^2\)

Step 2 — Rectangle 2

\(4 \times 3 = 12 \text{ cm}^2\)

Step 3 — Total cross-section area

\(40 + 12 = 52 \text{ cm}^2\)

Step 4 — Volume

\(V = 52 \times 12 = 624 \text{ cm}^3\)

V = 624 cm³
✓ Quick Check 2 — Volume of a Prism
Question 1 of 10
Volume of a Cylinder and Unit Conversions

A cylinder is a circular prism. Its cross-section is a circle of area \(\pi r^2\), so:

\(V = \pi r^2 h\)   (r = radius, h = height/length)

Real-life examples: drinks cans, water pipes, oil drums, silos, cylinders in engines.

Unit conversions to memorise:

  • 1 litre = 1000 cm³
  • 1 m³ = 1 000 000 cm³ (since 1 m = 100 cm, so 1 m³ = 100³ cm³)
  • 1 m³ = 1000 litres
r h A = πr² V = πr²h Fig 5 — Cylinder with r and h labelled mm³ cm³ litres ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 × 1000 × 1000 × 1000 Volume Unit Conversion Ladder Fig 6 — Divide by 1000 going right; multiply by 1000 going left

Worked Example 5 — Cylinder Volume

A cylinder has radius 5 cm and height 12 cm. Find its volume in terms of \(\pi\) and as a decimal.

Step 1 — Write the formula

\(V = \pi r^2 h = \pi \times 5^2 \times 12\)

Step 2 — Calculate \(r^2\)

\(5^2 = 25\)

Step 3 — Multiply

\(\pi \times 25 \times 12 = 300\pi \approx 942.5 \text{ cm}^3\)

V = 300π ≈ 942.5 cm³

Worked Example 6 — Water Tank in Litres

A cylindrical water tank has diameter 1.2 m and height 2 m. Find its volume in litres.

Step 1 — Find the radius

\(r = \tfrac{1.2}{2} = 0.6 \text{ m}\)

Step 2 — Calculate volume in m³

\(V = \pi \times 0.6^2 \times 2 = \pi \times 0.36 \times 2 = 0.72\pi \text{ m}^3\)

Step 3 — Convert to litres (× 1000)

\(0.72\pi \times 1000 \approx 2262 \text{ litres}\)

V ≈ 2262 litres
Watch out! Always halve the diameter to get the radius before substituting into \(V = \pi r^2 h\). A common error is using the diameter as r, which gives a volume 4× too large.
✓ Quick Check 3 — Cylinder and Unit Conversions
Question 1 of 10

Practice: Calculate Volumes

Enter your answer (to the nearest whole number where needed). Use 3.14159 for \(\pi\).

#ShapeDimensionsYour AnswerResult
1Cuboid 6 cm × 4 cm × 5 cm
2Cuboid 3 m × 2 m × 1.5 m
3Triangular prism Triangle: base 10 cm, height 6 cm; length 8 cm
4Cylinder r = 4 cm, h = 9 cm
5Cylinder Diameter = 6 cm, h = 10 cm
6Cuboid 10 cm × 3 cm × 2 cm
7Cuboid 7 cm × 4 cm × 3 cm
8Cylinder r = 5 cm, h = 6 cm
9Cylinder r = 4 cm, h = 7 cm
10Triangular prism Triangle: base 8 cm, height 5 cm; length 10 cm

⚠ Things to Watch Out For

  • Don't use an area formula instead of a volume formula — volume always involves three dimensions multiplied together.
  • Volume is measured in cubic units (cm³, m³, etc.) — never write cm² for a volume answer.
  • For a cylinder, use the radius in πr²h — if you're given the diameter, halve it first.
  • Volume and capacity are related but different — 1 cm³ = 1 ml, and 1000 cm³ = 1 litre.
  • For composite 3D shapes, calculate each part separately and then add (or subtract) the volumes.
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